Evidence

Cloud computing is defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as 'a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on demand'.

In computing, hyperscale is the ability of an architecture to scale appropriately as increased demand is added to the system.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, and virtualization... According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), such infrastructure is the most basic cloud-service model.

Amazon Web Services, Inc. (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis.

Microsoft Azure, sometimes stylized Azure, and formerly Windows Azure, is the cloud computing platform developed by Microsoft. It offers management, access and development of applications and services to individuals, companies, and governments through its global infrastructure.

Google Cloud is a suite of cloud computing services offered by Google that provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, data storage, data analytics, and machine learning... It runs on the same infrastructure that Google uses internally for its end-user products, such as Google Search, Gmail, and Google Docs.

Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers.

IBM Cloud is a cloud computing platform offered by the information technology company IBM... supports public cloud, private cloud, multi-cloud and hybrid cloud deployment models with an emphasis on enterprise security, governance, and regulated workloads.

Alibaba Cloud, also known as Aliyun, is a cloud computing company, a subsidiary of Alibaba Group... Its international operations are registered and headquartered in Singapore.

Tencent Cloud is a cloud computing service operated by Tencent, a multinational technology company headquartered in China. It provides cloud services to domestic and international clients and operates data centers globally.

OVHcloud, legally OVH Groupe SA, is a French cloud computing company which offers VPS, dedicated servers, and other web services. The company was founded in 1999 by the Klaba family and is headquartered in Roubaix, France. In 2019 OVH adopted OVHcloud as its public brand name.

CoreWeave, Inc. is an American artificial intelligence (AI) cloud-computing company based in Livingston, New Jersey. It specializes in providing cloud-based graphics processing unit (GPU) infrastructure to AI developers and enterprises, and also develops its own chip management software.

LEI 2549000I2PRQGGIGCA75 — AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC. — jurisdiction US-DE — HQ 410 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109 — creationDate 2006-05-03 — status ACTIVE — registration status ISSUED, FULLY_CORROBORATED.

LEI INR2EJN1ERAN0W5ZP974 — MICROSOFT CORPORATION — jurisdiction US-WA — HQ One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-8300 — creationDate 1993-09-22 — BIC MSFTUS66XXX — status ACTIVE.

LEI 5493006MHB84DD0ZWV18 — ALPHABET INC. — jurisdiction US-DE — HQ 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043 — creationDate 2015-07-23 — status ACTIVE.

LEI 1Z4GXXU7ZHVWFCD8TV52 — ORACLE CORPORATION — jurisdiction US-DE — HQ 2300 Oracle Way, Austin, TX 78741 — previous legal name 'Ozark Holding Inc.' — creationDate 2005-09-09 — status ACTIVE.

LEI VGRQXHF3J8VDLUA7XE92 — INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION — jurisdiction US-NY — HQ One North Castle Drive, Armonk, NY 10504 — creationDate 1911-06-16 — BIC IBMXUS33XXX — status ACTIVE.

LEI 5493001NTNQJDH60PM02 — Alibaba Group Holding Limited — jurisdiction KY (Cayman Islands) — HQ Times Square 1 Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong — creationDate 1999-06-28 — status ACTIVE.

LEI 984500511DP2B6186053 — COREWEAVE, INC. — jurisdiction US-DE — HQ 290 W. Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Suite 4100, Livingston, NJ 07039 — creationDate 2017-09-21 — status ACTIVE.

Amazon, Microsoft and Google together accounted for 63% of enterprise spending on cloud infrastructure services in Q3 2025. Amazon leads with 29%, Microsoft has 20% and Google takes the third spot at 13%. Oracle and the neoclouds are inching higher.

Looking ahead to 2030, hyperscale operators will account for 61% of all capacity, while on-premise will drop to just 22%. Synergy Research, June 24, 2025.

Looking ahead to 2031, hyperscale operators will account for 67% of all capacity, while on-premise will drop to just 19%.

RENO, NV, April 29, 2026. New data from Synergy Research Group shows that Q1 enterprise spending on cloud infrastructure services jumped by over $35 billion year over year; the annualized run rate has topped half a trillion dollars.

The US now accounts for 55% of worldwide hyperscale operational capacity, up from 52% three years ago, reinforcing its position as the dominant location for hyperscale data centers. December 19, 2025.

At the end of 2025, Texas and the Midwest accounted for 33% of operational US hyperscale data center capacity, while Synergy's pipeline of future capacity shows the share rising. April 13, 2026.

Statista's Q1 2026 share chart shows Amazon (~28%), Microsoft (~21%), Alphabet/Google (~14%) at the top of worldwide cloud infrastructure service providers.

Amazon, Google and Microsoft all reported better-than-expected first-quarter cloud results, signaling an acceleration of AI demand. April 30, 2026.

Global spending on cloud infrastructure services reached US$110.9 billion in Q4 2025, up 29% year over year as hyperscalers scaled AI infrastructure investment. March 26, 2026.

Hyperscaler capex is projected to exceed $600 billion in 2026 — a 36% increase over 2025 — while global spending on cloud infrastructure services continues to surge. December 22, 2025.

Global data centre capital expenditure is on course to exceed $1 trillion in 2026 according to new research from Dell'Oro Group, as hyperscale AI investment accelerates.

The world's largest technology companies are tapping debt markets and raising equity to bolster AI infrastructure, marking a shift for Silicon Valley firms. June 2, 2026.

US data center power demand is forecast to surge from 31 GW in 2025 to 66 GW by 2027, driven by AI expansion, with implications for regional electricity markets.

Alphabet's Google on Friday dropped its EU antitrust complaint about rival Microsoft's cloud computing practices, a week after EU regulators opened a probe under new tech rules. November 28, 2025.

Europe unveils tech sovereignty package; the proposals include new acts to bolster advanced chip manufacturing and homegrown cloud computing. June 3, 2026.

The EU cloud services market is dominated by three so-called 'hyperscalers', namely Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation, June 19, 2025.

When AWS launched publicly on March 14, 2006, it offered just one service: S3 for storage. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for servers followed a few months later.

Synergy press archive lists 2025 releases including 'Hyperscale Spending Spree' and 'Cloud Market Share Trends — Big Three Together Hold 63%'.

Leading neocloud providers include Nscale, Civo, CoreWeave, Crusoe Cloud, Lambda, Nebius, and Vultr. October 27, 2025.

Construction has begun on the Oracle/OpenAI Stargate campus in Saline Township, Michigan. On June 1, Related Digital, Blackstone, Oracle, OpenAI, Walbridge broke ground on 'The Barn'. Microsoft was reported to lease the Abilene capacity originally part of Stargate.

Iranian drone strikes hit two of Amazon's data centers in the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain in early March, amid the ongoing US-Israeli war with Iran.

Data centers could contribute to a more than 50% increase in some states' utility prices by 2030; for years the American power grid was a bastion of predictable stability — that era is ending.

Market concentration has long been on European legislators' minds. The European Commission has gone further than most to tamp down on monopolies and big-tech dependence. December 19, 2025.